Definition

Word: A word may be defined as one of the fundamental units of speech and as having a minimum free form. It is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a give syntactical function. P29

Vocabulary: Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is know as its vocabulary. Vocabulary is the building material of a language. P4

Neologism: New words or new meanings for established word 新词P9

Basic word stock: The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs. In the basic word stock we find auxiliary and modal verbs, and a greater part of numerals, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions. P15

Archaic word: Archaic words are words no longer in common use, although retained for special purpose.古词P20

Morpheme: A morpheme, the minimal meaningful unit of the English language, possesses both sound and meaning. P45

Allomorph: An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme. P45

Free morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance.

Bound morpheme: A bound morpheme cannot exist on its own; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. P45

Hybrid: A hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more difference languages. P42

Free roots: Free roots can stand alone as words and provide the language with a basis for the formation of new words.

Bound root: Bound root cannot appear as words in modern English, although they were once words, nor can they be used to form news words. P46

Inflectional affixes (morphemes): An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It dose not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class. P39

Derivational affixes (morphemes): They are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they “derive” a new word. P40

Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create news word. P50

Compounding (composition): Compounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. P54

Derivation (affixation): Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. P66

Prefixation: Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base. Prefixation modify the lexical meaning of the base. They do not generally alter the word-class of the base. P68

Suffixation: Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base. P77

Conversion: Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.

Functional shift and derivation by zero suffix. P88

Partial conversion: Some adjectives are used as nouns when preceded by the definite article such as the poor, the wounded; yet these converted nouns take on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. they do not take plural and genitive inflections nor can they be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc. Therefore, such adjective-noun conversion is partial. P98

Complete conversion: The conversion of adjective to noun is complete when the converted form takes on all the features of a noun. P100

Initialisms: Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter. P112

Acronyms: Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. P114

Clipping: The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.

Blending: Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of  which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms. P119

Back-formation: Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. P125

Reduplication: Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition. P133

Neoclassical formation: Neoclassical formation denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek. P135

Lexical meaning: Lexical meaning is that aspect of sense proper to the word as a lexical item. P161

Purr word: To express the speaker’s approval of the person or thing he is talking about is purr word. P155

Snarl word: Show disapproval or contempt on the part of the speaker is snarl word. Unfavourable. P155

Polysemy:  Polysemy means a single word having several or many meanings. P186

Homonyms: Homonyms are words different in meaning, but identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound. P186 同音同形异义 P177 P178

Perfect homonyms: Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.

Homophones: Words identical in sound but different in spelling, and meaning are called homophones. 同音异义

Homographs: Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs. 同形异义

Synonymy: Synonyms are traditionally defined as words differing in sound form but identical or similar in meaning. P190 同义词

Complete synonyms: Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.  Complete or absolute synonyms are very rare. P192

Relative synonyms: Relative synonyms may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional coloring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution. P224

Antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite are antonyms. 反义词 P209

Contraries: Contraries or contrary terms display a type of semantic contrast. Being gradable adjectives, contraries can be handled in terms of degrees of the quality involved. 可分等级的反义词 P209

Complementaries: Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. The assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other an entity cannot be both at once. 互补性反义

Conversives: Conversives indicating a relationship such that one member of a pair presupposes the other. 换取位反义词. P211

Hyponymy: Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the latter. P219  下义关系

Semantic field: Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common. P225 语境

Linguistic context:  Linguistic context is lexical grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. 言语环境P255

Extra-linguistic context: Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set. 语言之外的环境P255

Denotative meaning: Denotative meaning involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers.  P150字典意义, 外延意义 P151

Connotative meaning: Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.

Restriction of meaning (specialization): Restriction of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted. P269

Extension of meaning (generalization): Extension of meaning, the opposite of restriction, means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed. P273扩张

Degeneration of meaning (pejoration): 1. The falling of word meaning into disrepute, for one reason or another. Words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. 2.May take the form of the gradual extension to so many senses that any particular meaning which is a word may have had is completely lost.降格P27

Elevation of meaning (amelioration): If words sometimes go downhill, they have also gone in the opposite direction, by a process known as elevation.

The process is less frequent than that of degeneration 升格P282

Metaphor: Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning. P284 暗喻

English idiom: An idiom may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning. P294

Lexicology $ dictionary: Lexicology is closely related to dictionaries, because lexicology is mainly concerned with the form, meaning, and usage of words and other lexical units, and dictionaries list these units and provide materials can be seen in the compilation and use of dictionaries.    P363

The principle of modern dictionary-making and the contents of each entry are based on the findings of lexicology, while the materials provided in dictionaries are widely used by lexicologists in their research.

Lexicography: The theory and practice of dictionary-making will not be discussed in the present text, as they are dealt with by a separate discipline, lexicography.

Encyclopedic dictionaries: There are elements of encyclopedia character in almost all dictionaries. This is a particular a tradition of American dictionaries. At the end of the 19th century a type of dictionary appeared. They are called encyclopedia dictionaries. 百科大词典 P367

Special dictionaries: A general dictionary is one which attempts to cover the whole lexicon of the language, in a general dictionary the vocabulary of all fields of knowledge should be represented.

Etymology: Etymology is the branch of linguistics which traces the forms and often the meaning of words as far back as possible. P386

從那個拉面館出來後，打算先回公司，因為昨天收到一封郵件，中海在追補料，我不知道是哪一份單，好象還沒有做HB/L的，所以這份單有點急，先回公司看看，能不能先做，不要把它放到周一，不然會弄得太忙的。

坐公汽還是坐地鐵呢，好象深圳的地鐵開通幾個月了，我都沒有去瞧過，正好走到地鐵口，所以就坐電梯下去。投幣買票，硬幣投進去了，可是票不出來，很奇怪喲，我看見前面兩位都是一投幣就出票了，為什麼我就不行呢。正好旁邊有個穿制服模樣的工作人員，就叫他過來幫忙。他把硬幣從下面拿出來，按了一下華強北，再把硬幣放進去，票就出來了。原來要先按下車站，看我笨的。然後進站，把那個綠色的硬幣模樣的車票在站台上點一下，匝門就開了。進去後，看看時間，好象還要等10多分鐘才有下一班車，就到處逛逛瞧瞧，裡面布置得蠻漂亮的。過會兒車來了，　我原以為有座位呢，沒想到滿箱，可能是因為今天是周末吧，出來逛的人比較多。坐了兩個站經過科學館就到了華強北。才3分多鐘，挺快的，就是進站和出站用的時間多一點，不然下次我再坐地鐵去書城上課。

今天上午上英美文學。下了課後去蘭州拉面館吃了碗羊肉刀削面，臨走時還要了張餅，十幾張餅放在店門口的結帳台上，我想從中間拿一張打包的，熱情的服務員拿了一個塑料袋，用手撕開後，用嘴巴吹了幾下，他見我沒說話，於是更用力的吹起來，其實都已經開了，他就象個小孩吹氣球般的吹著，還不時的看著我，然後我就自己從那一疊餅裡拿了一張，沒有用他的袋子裝，他看了看最上面的那張，還問我“你不要這張呀？“　我沒出聲，拿起餅就扔在門口的垃圾箱裡。頭也不回的走了。（塑料袋是直接裝餅的，那人用口去吹，豈不是把口水也吹進去了麼？他自己竟然還一點都不知道）

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